Kidney Cancer

Anatomy of the kidney
Anatomy of the kidney. Renal cell carcinoma arises from the filtering tubules and ducts at the center. (Wikimedia Commons / BruceBlaus, CC BY 3.0)

mTOR is one of the cell's master switches — a kinase that tells cells when to grow, divide, and consume nutrients. When mTOR signaling jams "on," cells keep growing. In kidney cancer, blocking it is one of the best treatment options medicine has: several FDA-approved treatments work by inhibiting mTOR.

But mTOR isn't broken the same way in every patient. About 2% of cancers across all types carry mutations in mTOR itself, and each mutation changes the protein differently. The same inhibitor doesn't work for everyone.

Folding@home's projects 10491–10499, led by the Chodera lab, simulate mTOR carrying the specific mutations doctors find in patient tumors. The goal: predict which mutants will respond to existing inhibitors and which need something new — a step toward matching each patient with the treatment most likely to help them.

mTOR domains: Kinase, FAT, and FRB, with ATP bound
The X-ray crystal structure of mTOR that projects 10491–10499 are based on. The three major domains (Kinase, FAT, and FRB) are highlighted in white, black, and gold. Key features of the kinase domain are in red and blue, with ATP shown as spheres.

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